Edgar Allen Poe :: essays research papers

Edgar Allen PoeWho is Edgar Allen Poe? He was a 19th century American writer born to Elizabeth (betty) Arnold Hopkins and David Poe. (Internet source) Poe was an well-educated individual. He would attend a private school in London and then an academy in Richmond. Later being accepted to the University of Virginia, this however would not work out for him. He then would travel to capital of Massachusetts for work in which there would be none. Defeated he enlisted in the Army and soon regret the decision. Once out he would again enterprise a military career, he was accepted to the U.S Military Academy. (Encyclopedia Britannica) This time he immediately regretting the decision. After his expulsion he entered a contest sponsored by the Baltimore Saturday Visitor. His allegory MS. Found in a Bottle was considered to be the one of the worlds first science fiction stories, he won both the $50 prize and acclaim for its 24-year-old author. (Internet source) He would then work at several dif ferent editorials, none of which really worked out for him. His dream though would be to confess a magazine or paper of his own. He would light close twice but never succeed in keeping them alive repayable to his different habits.What made Edgar Allen Poe? Through his lifetime many different misfortunes and disasters would strike him. All of these would shape him and his writing to what we now associate as the father of neo diabolic fiction. (Internet source) The first of the tragedies to plague him would be the abandonment by his father. He would grow never knowing who his real father was. His father had left his family when Edgar was lonesome(prenominal) an infant. The next misfortune would be the death of his mother when he was three. There was yet another factor that would shape him throughout his lifetime. He would also come how from his studies in England to find that his sweetheart from childhood was engaged. This caused him to write his first serious poem Tamerlane out of heartbreak. His luck with women throughout his lifetime would be rather in the bottom end of the barrel. He would eventually marry Virginia Clemm, his thirteen-old cousin. He would later lose her to tuberculosis and stop writing for a while, only to concentrate on Ulalume to express his mourn. He would try to remarry on two different occasions the first was ruined by rumor the second by his alcohol addiction habit.

Impact of the Automobile from 1900-1945 :: American America History

Impact of the Automobile from 1900-1945The impact of the machine between 1900 through 1945 was immense. It coat the way for a future dependency on the automobile. To paint a better picture, imagine life without an automobile. E very(prenominal)day life would be dull, cumbersome, and tedious. An individuals mobility would be very limited. Basically, the life without an automobile could not be fathomed. The importance of the automobile is often taken for granite. Society may not know what appreciate the impact of the automobile and effects it has created. The impact of the automobile had both positive and negative effects on America between 1900 through 1945. Automobile provided an outlet for individuals and spread the freedom of travel among all classes of people. It also helped to introduce rural dwellers to the aspects of urban life and vice versa. One of the negative effects was that automobiles helped to put of big decline in the use of railroads. Over the course of the paper, I will try to expose the huge impact of the automobile an early twentieth century life.The image of a self-propelled vehicle dates back around the early thirteenth century. Europe is the birthplace of the automobile, but it was adopted by America. Roger Bacon had a vision of cars being make without animals so they can be at astonishing speeds and maneuverability . About three hundreds years later, Leonardo Da Vinci rejuvenate Bacons liking with hopes of creating a array vehicle. His idea was transformed into the modern day tank. The first step in making a self-propelled vehicle was taken by Nicholas Joseph Cugnot. He was an eighteenth century French artillery officer. In 1769 he built and ran a three-wheeled carriage mounting a steam engine of his own design, with the idea that it might be used for pulling guns2. It was very clumsy vehicle that was shot into the air when it reached the top speed of three miles an hour. Cugnots vehicle provided almost no improvement of the horse. I n the early years of the nineteenth century an American and British duo had began an automotive experiment. Richard Trevithick, a British engineer, and American genius, Oliver Evans created a possible but crude vehicle propelled by steam3. This early experiment was an improvement, but the railroads and stagecoach companies joined together. With this new combining of forces the new steam vehicle, the Orkuter Amphibolos, was brought down.

The Pessimistic W. B. Yeats’ in An Irish Airman Foresees His Death Essa

The Pessimistic W. B. Yeats in An Irish Airman Foresees His Death There are countless manners in which a individual can mourn the death of another. Some become engulfed in a state of rage, while others may feel a calm, quiet grief or pity. Some place blame on others for the loss while trying to discover a reason for death. Others may roll several emotions into one oversized mourning process that includes several stages. In An Irish Airman Foresees His Death, W. B. Yeats grieves the death of Major Robert Gregory, son of Lady Gregory, by providing the bank clerk with an overwhelming sense of stillness toward life. The poem provides a variety of emotions that counter each other to produce a balance that is uniquely pessimistic. The first-person narrator, presumably the voice of Robert Gregory, allows the reader to connect more easily with the thoughts of Yeats. If the poem were written in the third person, the personal emotions would have been lost. Illustrating a death in the voi ce of the dead adds sorrow and truth to the work, as an outside narrator would seem more distant from the feelings involved. Yeats may have chosen to express his words through the narrators voice as a tribute to Robert Gregory, or because of his friendship with Lady Gregoryor simply because doing so brought him closer to the emotions of the situation in general. In the final three lines of the poem, the narrator gives the sense that, because of death, there is little value in life. He says that the years to come seemed waste of breath, / a waste of breath the years behind (14-15). such(prenominal) thoughts suggest existentialism, which provides a sense of the lack of meaning or purpose in livingthat we simply exist. Yet the opening lines... ... when going into battle, and, ultimately, death (11). This is not to say he feels delight in dying, but that some sense of delight in going to war him brought him there, via combat. Taken as a whole, An Irish Airman Foresees His Death is a simple poem about a man dying. Its intricacies lie in the juggling act performed by the narrator that leads to a pessimistic, balanced view of a soldiers death. When each line is considered carefully, the work becomes more and more complicated. Several emotions are contrasted along the waymayhap an attempt by Yeats to capture the multitude of feelings that must run through the mind of someone dying. Works Cited Yeats, William Butler. An Irish Airman Foresees His Death. The Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry. Ed. Richard Ellmann and Robert OClair. reinvigorated York W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 154-155.

What is Culture? Essay -- Sociology, Subcultures

Question OneWhat is culture?Culture can be interpreted in multiple ways and draw many contrastive meanings to different individuals. Consequently, it is because of those facts that a definition is so hard to create. To many, culture results from consumed meanings by a brotherly group (Lewis, 2008). Others view culture as something found on economics and servitude (Marx, as cited by Lewis, 2008). Hebdige ambiguous conceptAs I attempt to tease out a personal definition of culture based on my own experiences and various readings this semester, I select a few common themes that bare significance in my conceptualization of culture. Beliefs, values, social constructs, are some of the concepts used in many of the definitions of culture. These terms will serve as the basic principles on which I will base my own definition. To me, culture is an ideology, a relationship between social constructions and individuals. Culture results from created sets of beliefs, values, and goals f rom which individuals make meaning through interpretation and use to guide interactions amongst themselves and their environment. My definition of culture stems from two study concepts ideologies and social constructions. Ideology itself is a very complex concept with multiple definitions. For clarity, I am referring to Althussers concept of ideology. Althusser (as cited by Lewis, 2008) believed ideology was a representation of the imaginary relationship of individuals to their real conditions of existence. This applies to my personal definition of culture because these imagined conditions are what make up the beliefs, values, and goals that cultures abide by. This imaginary relationship then transitions into another major part of my definition ... ...tudent affairs professionals, we always talk about the power of a single story. Each student is special and has their own experiences that they have that have affected their development. These experiences influence each stude nt both interpersonally, as well as intrapersonally. One habit student affairs professionals have to take into affection when studying student cultures is to never generalize a student and pay close attention to assumptions made when studying a student culture or subculture. Studying student cultures and subcultures from a macro level will help professionals understand the experiences of a large number of students. But as practitioners, we must be wary of over generalizing and bringing our own biases into our research. As clearly shown above, culture is a very complex topic. It means many different things to various people.

Korean Economic Crisis Essay -- Korea Asia Economy Papers

Korean Economic Crisisproblems with format The Korean economy did an important role in the remarkable economic growth, which was so called East Asias miracle. At the end of 1997, however, the Korean economy fell into a crisis of default and finally received IMFs relief aid. After that, Korea has been struggling not all to reform its monetary system but also to promote drastic reforms in its economic structure in order to improve the productivity of the Korean industry. Given this context, understanding what truly caused the Korean economic crisis is very important. Without identifying and remedying the fundamental problems, nobody can be sure that Korea will not have the homogeneous kind of economic crisis never again. So, we need to identify what caused the crisis in 1997 and what the Korean government has to do. Therefore, this paper will examine the root cause of Koreas economic crisis in 1997 and present solutions for the stable growth of the Korean economy in the future. 2. Causes of the Korean economic crisis On November 21, 1997, the Korean government formally asked the International Monetary stemma for stand-by loans. With this request, the Korean government admitted its inability to meet international debt payments with its own means. The followings are three popular views about the cause of the Korean economic crisis in 1997(Cho, 1999) First, the specie crisis in Southeast Asian countries mainly Thailand and Indonesia in the summer of 1997 made Korea vulnerable to the attacks of currency speculators. So, the currency speculators turned their attention to Korea after having devoured the Southeast Asian countries. Second, the root cause of the... ...1998.Press Release IV. Economic Crisis and Restructuring in Korea, International Conference, Dec.3, 1999, Seoul, Korea .(http//www.idep.org/conference12/default_eng.htm)Underwood, Peter(1998), Koreas Current Economic Crisis, Industrial Research & Consult ing, Affiliate of Fry Consultants Atlanta, (http//www.fryconsultants.com/new.html)Yang , greet Jin(2002), Roots of the Economic Crisis in Post-Democratization Korea. By Eileen Sir, UCLA International Institute, (http//www.isop.ucla.edu/research.asp)http//www.nira.go.jp/newse/research/a151.html http//www.res.org.uk/media/annconf99/demet.htm http//www-hoover.stanford.edu/homepage/Books/koreareform.html http//www.hankooki.com/kt_op/200011/t20001129171159481174.htm http//www.nira.go.jp/newse/research/a151.html http//www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/55a/index-g.html

Korean Economic Crisis Essay -- Korea Asia Economy Papers

Korean scotch Crisisproblems with format The Korean economy did an important role in the remarkable economic growth, which was so called East Asias miracle. At the end of 1997, however, the Korean economy fell into a crisis of default and finally received IMFs relief aid. After that, Korea has been struggling not only to reform its monetary system but also to promote drastic reforms in its economic complex body part in order to improve the productivity of the Korean industry. Given this context, understanding what truly caused the Korean economic crisis is very important. Without identifying and remedying the fundamental problems, nobody can be sure that Korea testament not have the similar kind of economic crisis never again. So, we need to identify what caused the crisis in 1997 and what the Korean government has to do. Therefore, this paper will examine the root cause of Koreas economic crisis in 1997 and present solutions for the stable growth of t he Korean economy in the future. 2. Causes of the Korean economic crisis On November 21, 1997, the Korean government formally asked the International Monetary Fund for stand-by loans. With this request, the Korean government admitted its inability to meet international debt payments with its own means. The followings are three popular views close to the cause of the Korean economic crisis in 1997(Cho, 1999) First, the bullion crisis in Southeast Asian countries mainly Thailand and Indonesia in the summer of 1997 made Korea vulnerable to the attacks of currency speculators. So, the currency speculators turned their attention to Korea after having devoured the Southeast Asian countries. Second, the root cause of the... ...1998.Press Release IV. Economic Crisis and Restructuring in Korea, International Conference, Dec.3, 1999, Seoul, Korea .(http//www.idep.org/conference12/default_eng.htm)Underwood, Peter(1998), Koreas Current Economic Crisis, Industrial Researc h & Consulting, Affiliate of Fry Consultants Atlanta, (http//www.fryconsultants.com/new.html)Yang , Woo Jin(2002), Roots of the Economic Crisis in Post-Democratization Korea. By Eileen Sir, UCLA International Institute, (http//www.isop.ucla.edu/research.asp)http//www.nira.go.jp/newse/research/a151.html http//www.res.org.uk/media/annconf99/demet.htm http//www-hoover.stanford.edu/homepage/Books/koreareform.html http//www.hankooki.com/kt_op/200011/t20001129171159481174.htm http//www.nira.go.jp/newse/research/a151.html http//www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/55a/index-g.html

Resistance to Change Essay

Change they say is the only constant thing. It is however a big adore why many people still resist diversify even in large institutions. Resistance to permute has therefore had a negative intension because it portrays people avoiding the inevitable and not wanting to improve or face challenges. The essence of this paper is to peel the outward negative layer of resistance to variety and dig deeper to reveal how it nates be managed and transformed into a positive thing which may avail motorbuss the opportunity to better their employees and refine their approach to change management.Although it was once accepted that everyone resists change, this paper will show that how people are treated and how change is implemented give the sack have considerable knead on employee resistance to change. 2. 0AN OVERVIEW OF RESISTANCE TO CHANGE Perren (1996) described resistance as a behavioural reaction or symptom of distress intended to edit distress level. Change may be described as the crea tion of something new or ending of something we are familiar with. (Huc and Buc 2010) describes resistance to change as an unwillingness or inability to accept or discuss changes that are perceived to be damaging or threatening to the individual.Large institutions often ignore in their ability to manage change well and a major suit is the inability to create new business culture from the existing organisations. (Atkinson 2005) it is for this reason that resistance to change is seen negatively as organisational change is more often than not unsuccessful. The nature of resistance is that we do not experience it actively and publicly. Its heraldic bearing is often displayed covertly or passively and shows up in unexpected ways. Perhaps if it were displayed in an obvious manner, we could deal with it logically. Atkinson 2005Resistance to Change as a Negative Force Resistance is most commonly linked with negative employee attitudes with counter- productive behaviours. (Waddell and Soh al 1998) Negativity is a misconception that there are so many times when resistance is the most effective response available. (Hultman 1979). Early human resource theory besides cast resistance in a negative demoralise by perceiving it as a form of conflict that was indicative of a breakdown in the normal and healthy interactions that can exist between individuals or groups.And of course the answer was to avoid resistance in order to restore harmony. (Milton 1984). 2. 2 Why do people Resist Change? Having an in-depth knowledge as to why employees resist change might be a first step to realising that resistance is not a bad thing and to helping the manager deal with it. Among the causes of resistance to change listed by Kreitner (1999) are Surprise, inertia, misunderstanding, emotional side effects, lack of trust, fear of failure, personal conflicts, poor training or threat to business organization status/security.Four common causes of resistance to change as cited by Huc and Buc (2010), Bedeian (1980) and Kotter and Schlesinger (2008) are a. Parochial Self Interest. Which could mean leaving your comfort zone, inconveniences or noise of relationships. Like Atkinson (2005) said, the first reaction when people hear of an imminent change is to personalise it to self and ask, how is this going to affect me? b. Misunderstanding or lack of Trust. That is colloquy gap. People want to know the reason for the change that is being proposed.If they feel you are hiding information from them, it could spend to lack of trust and they will mechanically resist. c. Contradictory Assessments. Managers should be as explicit as possible when driving change because employees tend to see more costs than benefits. d. Low tolerance for change. well-nigh people have difficulty in coping with change and may result in self doubt and uncertainty. According to Kotter (2008) people might also resist change because of peer pressure or a supervisors attitude.Drucker argued that the m ajor obstacle to organisational growth is managers inability to change their attitudes and behaviour as rapidly as their organisations require. Eccles (1994) lists 13 possible sources of resistance ignorance, comparison, disbelief, loss, inadequacy, anxiety, demolition, power cut, contamination, inhibition, mistrust, alienation and frustration. 2. 3 Managing Resistance to Change. Negative reactions to change may be motivated by positive intentions. (Piderit 2000)There arent any clear cut strategies as to how to manage esistance.Managing people stems from experience and depends on each unique situation. To lead change, managers need to tailor strategies to the types of resistance that may be encountered. (Kotter and Schlesinger 2008) Huc and Buc (2004) came up with the theory of Stakeholder Analysis . They describe the stakeholder as any person who will be nowadays or indirectly affected by the change in an organisation. The theory states that anticipating the different reactions of the stakeholders is a useful first step in managing resistance.Using the Stakeholder analysis, managers can first draw up the list of the stakeholders, establish what each will lose or gain if the change goes ahead, use the potential benefits to strengthen domiciliate for proposals, and finally, find ways to address the concerns of those who feel they will lose by altering the nature of the changes proposed or offering to reduce losses in another(prenominal) ways. Kotter and Schlesinger (1979), came up with six techniques to managing resistance * Education and Commitment * Participation and Involvement *Facilitation and Support * Negotiation and Agreement Manipulation and Co-optation * Implicit and Explicit compulsion As said earlier, these strategies or techniques have to be tailored to each individual situation. The biggest mistake any manager or change agent can make is to assume that resistance to change can be handled using textbook methods. However, these methods can be use d in combination. The choice depends on the in all probability reactions of those involved and on the long term implications of solving the immediate problems in that way. Johnson and Scholes (1999) also used these as appropriate styles of management for those faced with managing change.

A Study Of Solar Home Systems Environmental Sciences Essay

Electricity, identified as a basic human demand, is a key to economic growing, coevals of employment, riddance of poorness and human development particularly in arcadian communities. Adequate supplies of suited signifiers of this energy at congenial cost for development, is an indispensable requirement for forefinger suppliers.The crisp additions of anoint monetary values in early 70s drew attending to energy go forth jobs ( nada in Ghana 2010 ) . Developing states in peculiar felt the impact of the high oil monetary values since second of energy takes a greater proportion of their export net incomes comp bed to the developed states.The two headland attacks for rural electrification argon filename extension of military group from the national grid to selected countries and the practice of Diesel pick out forthing Stationss to function a little web which could non profit from the grid. Both ways have their ain short approachs. There is a high fiscal deductions associate d with the extension of the grid over long distances ensuing in system instability both bit good as hapless burden factor and the troubles in the care of the long transmittal lines particularly in hard terrain. ( Kamalapur and Udaykumar 2010 )Diesel generators on the other manus require regular supplies of fuel which sometimes are of major jobs for rural countries, particularly at certain season of the twelvemonth when the hapless nature of the roads in such countries are practically unpassable. Their predicaments go down when fuel deficit hit the state at great. Besides the proviso of fuel, the keeping of competent operation care staff is really hard since cranny of competitory wages are normally a major restraint. ( McNelis, Derrick and Starr 1988 ) Even with the qualified staffs, the necessity in obtaining the necessary spare parts in squeeze ofdemand to maintain the system running is a major factor. ( McNelis, Derrick and Starr 1988 ) .Rural electrification is regarded as a development precedence of most developing states like Ghana. Although big amounts of money are spent every twelvemonth on rural electrification, it will take old ages for small towns far off from the national grid to profit from a reasonably low-cost and dependable power supply.By the virtuousness of its geographical location, within the Torrid Zones ( lat.50, 36N Long. 00,10E ) , Ghana is endowed with of course abundant renewable energy resources. The resources include Hydro, Bio and solar energies ( Abakah, 1995 ) . Bio energy exists in the signifier wood fuels in the forest countries but its rate of development outweighs its regeneration. Hydro energy on the other manus is presently under-exploited. The state has two hydro-electric power Stationss and two thermic Stationss. However energies produced by these power Stationss are unequal for the states energy demands and has to import energy to supplement it ( Abakah, 1995 ) .It was estimated in the twelvemonth 2000 that electri city accounted for about 11 % of the entire energy consumed. The unequal supply of power chiefly obtained from hydro and thermic beginnings compelled the state to import some sum of energy from La Cote dIvoire to supplement her domestic supply particularly during peak hours. ( free energy in Ghana 2010 )It was expected that by the twelvemonth 2010 the states energy system will alter from the mostly hydro-based system to a mostly thermal-based 1 with the hope of utilizing natural gas as the chief beginning of fuel. The alteration was to be made possible by the West African Gas Pipeline Project, which was expected to transport natural gas from Nigeria to Ghana. ( Energy in Ghana 2010 )The current national entree to electricity supply is about 43 % of the population. However, over 80 % of the domestic electricity supply is consumed in the metropoliss and urban towns. ( Energy in Ghana 2010 ) Hydropower and import dodo fuel are the chief energy beginnings employ to bring forth electri city in the state.Ghana soon depends extremely on petroleum oil and wood fuel for her energy ingestion. The state s energy ingestion therefore emergence yearly as a consequence of growing in population coupled with economic activities every bit good as rural-urban migration and inflow of imported vehicles.Solar energy is available in limitless measures. It is merely used in its natural province largely for saving intents. Other resources like the song current energy, tides and geothermal are undistinguished in the state ( Abakah, 1995 ) .Heavy dependance on commercial fuel such as rough oil to run into the demands of the turning population is dismaying ensuing in short supply in energy. The deficit of the state s energy supply compelled power suppliers to present burden casting which is more marked in the rural countries. ( Energy in Ghana 2010 )Literature reappraisalRural electrification is an of import portion for rural growing and the relief of poorness in a state. ( Kamalapur , Udaykumar 2010 ) . In Ghana, electricity has non played the expected function in the socio-economic growing of the rural communities. majority of the population of the state live in the rural countries. The consequence of population growing and supply jobs of fuels has a great impact on the inordinate manipulation of bio fuels particularly in the rural countries ensuing in deforestation through extra felling of trees ( Energy in Ghana 2010 )The administration s aspiration to supply electricity to all rural communities by the twelvemonth 2020 is far from realization due to fiscal restraint as a barrier. This makes it extremely impossible for authorities to to the full run into all demand of energy supply with national grid system. The economic status of Ghana does non allow immediate solution of power crisis by imported fuels. With the rich solar resources available throughout the twelvemonth in Ghana and taking into history the cost component of PV solar institutionalize syste ms ( SHS ) as against the grid-connected system, the better option is to see Solar place system ( SHS ) as an alternate energy beginning for rural electrification in Ghana.Purpose This toil is aimed at the design of suited Solar Home System ( SHS ) using appropriate devices such as maximal power point tracker and dc-dc convertor for rural electrification utilizing solar resources to run into some of their basic energy demands such as lighting, cookery, H2O pumping, telephone communicating, and other consumer tools such as wirelesss, telecastings, iceboxs etc.Aim At the terminal of this undertaking An streamlined, dependable and low-cost solar place system ( SHS ) for rural electrification will be designed utilizing PV faculty as the power beginning.Communities in the rural countries could hold entree to electricity. A suited dc-dc convertor will be designed to fit District of Columbia battery tons.Clinics and wellness Centres in the distant countries will utilize the power to hiv e away vaccinums and indispensable drugs in deep deep-freezes and visible radiation every bit good doing usage of the power available.Schools in the distant countries will besides profit from the system.Rural Urban impetus could cut downCommunities will profit from some social activities With the handiness of power.The power supplied by a solar adorn depends on the sunstroke, temperature and electromotive outcome of the panel and so an of import consideration in the design of efficient solar systems is to track the correct maximal power point ( MPPT ) . ( Hur, Shen 1998 ) . The intent of the MPPT is to travel the panel runing electromotive force near to the MPP under altering atmospheric conditions. ( Solar Energy International 2010 )Basic map of maximal power point trailing ( MPPT ) systemA extremely efficient dc-dc convertor to optimise galvanic power for photovoltaic ( PV ) cell, is the maximal power point tracker. It ensures faculties operate near maximal power point. This h elps to bring forth suited power to drive tonss. When PV faculties are used for the beginning of energy, MPPT is used to rectify fluctuations in the system by leting the accountant to track the maximal power point of the array throughout the two dozen hours to in order to present the maximal energy available to the battery ( Solar Energy International 2010 ) .With MPPT, a higher end product electromotive force of faculties than battery systems can be used by consumers. System complexness is minimised by the MPPT. It has the ability to supervise the end product electromotive force and current from the panel and decides the operating point of power to the batteries. It prevents soaking and dispatching to solar panels. ( Anderson, Dohan and Sikora 2003 )The nonlinear fluctuation of end product electromotive force and current are overcome by the MPPT every bit good. ( Tharama, Kumar and Naik 2005 ) .It has the ability to increase the efficiency of solar panels 25 % -30 % more the norma l accountant ( Solar Energy International 2010 )PhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaic systems are solar systems that produce electricity straight from sunshine. ( Solar Energy International ) . The system produces clean, dependable energy. It does non do usage of fossil fuels. It is widely used in umpteen applications. A common application for PV engineering is illuming, powering of wirelesss, pocket reckoners, tickers etc. It is besides used on big graduated table to supply consumers with solar-generated electricity or as a back-up for critical equipment.In this undertaking, PV panel will be used as the chief power beginning. Solar radiation received by the panel, are stored in batteries for usage latter.Other Maximum.Other devices and equipment work together in harmoniousness to accomplish a good consequence. ( Solar Energy International 2010 ) . The Sun s place alterations with clip ensuing in panels having changing Sun light so MPPT integrating a convertor and accountant will be used to fi t the d.c battery burden. ( Solar Energy International 2010 ) .Besides the usage of equipment and devices for the systems, some of import factors are taken in consideration to guarantee a good design. These includes latitude, the degree of radiation over a period of clip, cloud, shadiness, joust, orientation.etcBarricading rectifying tubeIpv reqdc-dc convertorm VoIpv, VpvMPPTControl Drive CircuitCircuitFig. 2 shows general conventional of the PV faculty with MPPT accountant( Beginning Photovoltaic major undertaking overview )Gnatt chart demoing clip program of the undertaking

Crowd Behaviour Essay

tidy sum atomic number 18 likely to act in bizarre ways in a clump comp ard to as an individual. A group rear end be defined as a set of individuals who shargon a common cordial identification of themselves in terms of that crowd. Crowd constituents should also share common goals and act in a coherent member (Reicher, 2008). on that point have been extensive amounts of research into crowd psychological science, investigating the apparent causes and reasons for much(prenominal) conduct to occur. Many different theories exist to attempt to explain why community fall into this interesting state of brotherly influence when they are in crowds. This essay result attempt to investigate how we might best explain crowd behaviour.Le Bons (1896) early attempt to explain this phenomenon suggested that crowd behaviours are pathological and abnormal, where people are cut back to a primitive or instinctive mode of behaviour. This theory proposes that feelings of anonymity cause peop le in a crowd to lose their sense of self and responsibility and act in ways that stem from a root word question. Through this group mind people are freed from genial norms and natural animal instincts are released causing riots and irrational violence. However, since the initial suggestion of the group mind, this theory has been largely rejected. The primary(prenominal) reasoning for this being that the theory does not acknowledge the importance of power in crowd behaviours, which appears to be a key factor in incorporated behaviour. One speculation that remains classic from Le Bons group mind theory is that the feeling of crowd anonymity appears to be influential in creating various subsequent theories to explain crowd behaviour, such as the theory of deindividuation.However, the rejection of the group mind does not mean that we should then reject the study of group processes as groups have distinctive properties from individual behaviour. Instead, we should begin to look at group processes with a different perspective. Tajfel (1970) claims that all fond behaviour falls on a continuum that spans from inter psycheal to intergroup behaviour. Intergroup behaviour is defined with these three criteria the presence of two distinct groups, low variance in attitudes and behaviour of group members, and low variability in one persons attitudes to group members.This helps to explain this readiness in which a person can switch from one fascinate of individual to another (e.g. saying all catholics are bad people, and then going on to say the neighbor (who is a catholic) is such a lovely person). This can arise because when you become part of a group you start to see people as a category not as individuals.The theory of Deindividuation (Deiner, 1976 and Zimbardo, 2007) followed on to these early speculations. The model states that when surrounded by others in a crowd people lose self-awareness. Consequently, people become more susceptible to external cues and to the groups motives and emotions. Ultimately, these factors whitethorn lead group members to engage in unsocial and possibly antisocial behaviours. According to Zimbardo, being part of a large group can execute a sense of anonymity and diffuses personal responsibility throughout the group for the consequences of ones actions. This can lead to the loss of identity and a reduced concern for social evaluation. Behaviour resulting can then be impulsive and irrational as there are different set normal social and personal norms. Zimbardos electric shock experiment gives support to the deindividuation theory, providing evidence that the mean duration of the shock administered by deindividuated participants (they were wearing a coat and a hood to increase anonymity) was nearly twice as long than that of the people who retained their individual identities. Further research also suggests that this sense of anonymity is increase as the size of the group increases and also increases in darker conditions.For example the violent crowd in the Bristol riots, as darkness fell, violence escalated thus increasing the anonymity of the crowd members. Research by Jaffe and Yinon (1979) compared the mean intensity of shock administered by individuals with that administered by participants in groups of three. As they predicted, those who participated in groups consistently gave much stronger shocks than those acting on their own giving evidence for the idea that the sense of anonymity increases with the size of the group. However, near research disagrees that increased anonymity leads to increases antisocial and aggressive behaviour. Some grapple that deindividuation and anonymity may in fact result in decreased aggression and improved group relations, indicating that these antisocial behaviours may not be machine-driven or inevitable consequences of anonymity.Despite much of the early literature proposing that deindividuation factors such as anonymity, loss of self-awareness and group size are associated with antisocial and aggressive behaviours, some more recent findings suggest that deindividuation influences are often sometimes related to increases in pro-social normative behaviour. Zimbardo (1969) provides support for this criticism of the deindividuation theory, having participants either dress in KKK cloaks, or a nurse uniform in an electric shock learning experiment. Results showed that those wearing the nurse uniform chose to reduce the level of shocks administered, and especially in the deindividuated conditions the person wearing no name tag. In fact, deindividuation by itself did not increase aggression significantly, even for those wearing the KKK outfit. These findings have an influential effect on the fellow feeling of group behaviour as they show that being in a group does not necessarily lead to devastating, antisocial behaviour as Zimbardo implied. It seems that crowd behaviour often tends to depend on the situation and how salient the norms are. Given the previous literature, Diener (1980) argues that the main factor in crowd behaviour is determined by a loss of self-awareness. He then suggests that factors present in crowd situations such as cohesion and anonymity, can lead people to focus their tutelage outwards and less on themselves and on personal standards. As a result, peoples behaviour becomes less self-regulated and more determined by contiguous cues and norms present in groups around them. Subsequently, these cues will not always direct violence, but will vary across different situations.The literature also fails to require the context of behaviour or to distinguish anonymity when someone is in a group from anonymity when they are alone. In addition, members of a crowd are barely ever truly anonymous as individuals identities are often known to other members of the crowd, and they therefore only will appear anonymous to outsiders of the crowd. People often gain a sense of pride rioting together in a group, such as supporters of the same team at a football match, which is far from losing their identities. All of the previous models focus on what is lost when part of a crowd loss of identity, loss of individuality, and loss of self-awareness. This perspective of sympathy group behaviour is a negative and highlyun full-bodied way to think about collective behaviour it would be much more productive to think about change (Reicher et al., 1995).Reichers research into crowd behaviour has come up with three important features of crowd situations. Firstly, crowds nearly always bring more than one group. This intergroup factor has been essentially ignored in the previous literature for crowd behaviour since the group mind fallacy. Secondly, he suggests that people do not become anonymous, but take on a new identity in a crowd. Reicher (1984) studied vivosection attitudes in erudition and Social Science students, with science students generally being more PRO and social sciences studen ts more ANTI. In each category, half of the students were made aware of group membership (e.g. sitting together, reffered to as groups, wore KKK membership clothing, etc). Attitudes of Science students became more pro-vivosection and social science students become more anti-vivosection. These findings oppose Deiners theory that deindividuation leads to a loss of self-regulation and gives support to Reichers view that you dont lose your identity in a group based situation, but your identity changes to fall in line with group norms. This follows on from Turners (1983) suggestion of the distinction between personal and social aspects of the self. There is a shift along the interpersonal group continuum from personal identity to social identity. There is then a change in what is seen as the appropriate standard of behaviour. These standards of behaviour and norms are now determined by the groups social identity rather than by personal or environmental factors. This can help to understa nd why the behaviour of rioters and police can be so different, when they are exposed to the same stimuli, for when they adopt their respective identities they become influenced by very different goals and social norms. This shows that when a person becomes part of a crowd or group, their social identity as a group member becomes more important and their individual identity becomes less important.Although people may sometimes lose some sense of their identity at times, they will often adopt a stronger sense of their social identity as a member of that particular group. Crowd behaviour, according to Reicher, therefore involves a change rather than a loss of identity. Reichers new theory ofcrowd behaviour elevated four issues that do not fall in line with Deiners deindividuation theory. 1. Although crowd behaviour is violent, it is often under control at the same time. 2. Crowds are not always anonymous. 3. Though people are previously suggested to lose self-awareness in crowds and t hus respond to cues in particular situations, how come people will respond differently? 4. If crowd behaviour leads to a loss in identity, how come a sense of pride often results from crowd interaction? When Reicher (1987) interviewed people who were part of the St Pauls riots he received some interesting feedback such as we feel great, we feel confident it was a victory and You were grinning at eitherbody, because everyone was from St Pauls. These statements provide evidence that those feelings of anonymity and a suggested loss of identity in groups are not present when people are successful in their groups perhaps gaining a sense of pride in their group and coming together to celebrate.To conclude, there are three important points that I would like to reiterate. Firstly, Zimbardos pessimism about groups is seemingly unjustified with much evidence pointing in the opposite direction. Depending on each particular situation and the norms that are important in each, behaviour can bec ome either pro-social or anti-social in crowd environments. Though where Zimbardo does seem to be right is that peoples behaviour in a group situation can become much more extreme than how they would behave on their own. The second point is that peoples behaviour in crowds does not always worsen. Support from both Zimbardo and Deiner suggest that in groups people are subjected to a loss of identity and loss of control. However, Reichers more recent research into crowd behaviour suggests that this idea is mistaken. It has been shown that peoples behaviour is still in control, yet by different psychological processes. Groups seem to have a common goal in mind in acting as they do, and also that their actions are often motivated by identification with some group. Finally, when viewing group behaviour from an intergroup perspective, the goal and identity directed aspects of collective behaviour are more evident. In almost every situation of crowd behaviour, it is possible to determine a n out-group, which will play an important role in the actions of the crowd.Overall, there are many different crowd psychology theories, some of which explain different aspects of crowd behaviour. However, research gives much support to the use of intergroup perspective rather than interpersonal theories to explain this phenomenon.ReferencesDiener, E. (1976). Effects of prior destructive behavior, anonymity, an group presence on deindividuation and aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 497-507.Diener, E. (1980). Deindividuation, self-awareness, and disinhibition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1160-1171.Le Bon, G. (1947). The Crowd a study of the popular mind. capital of the United Kingdom Ernest Benn.Reicher, S. D., Spears, R. and Postmes, T. (1995). A social identity model of deindividuation phenomena. European Review of Social Psychology, 6, 161-198.Reicher, S. D. (1984b). The St. Pauls Riot An explanation of the limits of crowd action in terms of a social identity model. European Journal of Social Psychology, 14, 1-21.Reicher, S. D. (2008). The Psychology of Crowd Dynamics. Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology Group Processess, 9, 151-168Tafjel, H. (1970). Experiments in intergroup discrimination. Scientijic American, 223, 96102.Turner, J. C. (1983). Some comments on the measurement of social orientations in the minimal group paradigm. European Journal of Social Psychology, 13, 351-368Zimbardo, P. G. (1969). The Human Choice Individuation, reason, and orderversus Deindividuation, impulse and chaos. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 17, 237-307

Assignment on Online Banking

TERM PAPER ON ONLINE BANKING SERVICE IN BANGLADESH 1. DEFINITION OF ONLINE BANKING Online bankingis a service commoti adeptd by banks that aloneows nebholders to access their account data via the Internet. In order to take advantage of online banking, an account holder would need to meet several technological requirements, very much(prenominal) as having a personal computer with Internet access and web browser. If those conditions argon satisfied, online banking flush toilet be performed from anywhere in the world.To minimize the risk of fraud, online banking is enabled by means of with(predicate) a secure server, which grants the individual a private access to his or herbankaccount. Online banking is designed to streamline banking chores that otherwise require considerable cartridge clip and effort. Thus, online banking facilitates head up access to account details, enables change over of funds, allows for multiple bills compensations, and performs an array other feats. Online banking is accessible twenty four hours, seven-spot days a week, regardless of the banks working hours. Today, or so banks offer online banking function. . HOW MANY BANKERS PROVIDE ONLINE BANKING SERVICES IN BANGLADESH Bangladesh Bank Governor Dr Atiur Rahman said 79 percent institutions under the state of matters banking arena argon providing online service at present. He said, 37 banks be providing all- bring out online service, while six are aimting preparations to provide online service. Almost 79 percent institutions are under online service now. Dr Atiur came up with the comment at the inauguration of the 4th International e-banking and Mobile Commerce Conference as the chief guest at a hotel in Dhaka Monday 10th July2012Science and Information Communication engineering science Ministry Secretary Nazrul Islam Khan, Bangladesh Telecommunication Regularity Commission Chairman General (Retd) Zia Ahmed, FBCCI President AK Azad, head Marketing Officer of Eco-Bha rat Anand Ramanand, Dell Bangladeshs Country Director Sonia Bashir spoke at the inaugural session. Dr Atiur said, 23 banks were given the approval of providing online services up to June, 2012. Amongst them, 14 banks postulate already started the service. 3. PROSPECT OF ONLINE BANKING SERVICE IN BANGLADESH Information technology environment changes rapidly.It is estimated that the number of Internet users in Bangladesh lead increase in a new-fangled years. The number of physical branches ordain be decreased (the profile of physical branches go forth change to advice and support centers) and most of the transactions will be concluded via main e-banking channels online Internet bank and m-banking services. Rapid growth of e-banking in Bangladesh is expected. 4. ADVANTAGE OF ONLINE BANKING SERVICE IN BANGLADESH What are the three greatest things intimately the Internet? E- trip, music, and online banking Whether for the convenience or the control, online banking is an aspect of banking that nobody finish resist.Our children will probably laugh when we tell them people used to actually go to a bank to pay bills. Online banking rocks Many of the benefits of doing your banking online are obvious You dont have to wait in line. You dont have to plan your day around the banks hours. You can look at your balance whenever you want, not just when you get a recountment. there are some hidden benefits too. As a young bank customer, youre just knowledge how to manage your money and observe your spending patterns. Online banking allows you to watch your money on a daily basis if you want to.By keeping close tabs on your funds, youll continuously be aware of whats happening in your bank account. For those experienced spenders, this option is far much appealing than the sudden discovery that youre broke Its also stabilizing to watch how much interest youre gathering on investments and savings or what service charges you have becomered. What to expect Here are som e of the features available through online banking meet balances Checking your balance doesnt require much work. You simply select Account balances and take a look at your balance and past transactions.If you have more than one account, you can also do transfers between accounts. Pay bills To pay your bills online, you just need to add to your account the names of the companies you wish to pay bills to. In the Pay Bills section, select Add payees, search for the name of the company and fill in the account number for each company. You can also sign up for the E-bills service that transmits you a bill by e-mail instead of a printed one by regular mail. Transfer funds When you select Transfer Funds, youll be asked where to transfer the money to and from, when, and the amount.Set up recurring bill wagess or transfers If you make a regular retribution every month, it might be convenient to send up an automatic withdrawal from your account. Monitor CIBC investments If you have any CI BC investments, you can keep an eye on those stocks or mutual funds here. Send and conform to an INTERAC e-TransferTM2 This could be the end of the birthday cheque You can receive transfers from other peoples accounts, or set up transfers from your account to someone elses. The recipient will get an e-mail notifying them of the transaction.View CIBC VISA* accounts Al bearings a good place to monitor your spending. You can make your credit card payments online, right from your account. Order cheques We dont need them much anymore due to online banking and debit purchases, but if you still use cheques, you can order them directly from the CIBC website. Take control Online banking helps you become more of a banker, running game your accounts like a small business that you control every day. Once you get started, youll be hooked. Soon enough youll be checking your bank account as often as your e-mail. 5. FUNCTIONS OF ONLINE BANKING SERVICE IN BANGLADESHOnline banking is the practice of making bank transactions via the Internet. It will give you an excellent opportunity to bypass the time-consuming, paper-based aspects of traditional banking in order to manage your finances more efficiently. By switching to electronic bills, statements, and payments, the average American household can save 6. 6 pounds of paper in one year And you can catch any fraudulent transactions faster than if you received a statement by snail post. Thanks to advance(a) technology and the Internet in particular, we no longer have to leave the house to make payments.Online banking is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, so you can do it anytime, anywhere. Online banking allows us to perform various services with the visit of a mouse. You can 1. Pay a bill. Electronic bill payment service allows a depositor to send money from his or her online account to a creditor or merchant, for example to a public utility or a incision store. There is no need to stand in a long line on a weekend morn ing to handle your transactions The payment is virtually instant, though some financial institutions can wait until the next business day to send out the payment.If it is necessary, the bank can generate and mail a paper cheque or bankers draft to a creditor who is not set up to receive electronic payments. 2. Schedule payments in advance. Most banks offer customers the ability to schedule a payment on a specified date. Once the amount is entered and the payee is checked off, the funds are automatically deducted from your online bank account. It is curiously useful if you always forget due dates. For example, you can schedule credit card or mortgage payments to make sure that you will not incur late fees and damage your FICO score. 3.Transfer funds. Do you want to send money quickly and securely? With online banking, you can make money transfers between your own accounts, or send money to a third party account. All you need is recipient/payee data and enough funds in your account. Quite often, the operations are performed in real time. 4. Manage all your accounts in one place. Online banking is a great time saver because it provides an opportunity to handle several bank accounts (checking, savings, CDs, IRAs, etc. ) from one site. Most new accounts you open will be automatically added to online banking. . View images of your checks online. Do you need a copy of a paid check? With online banking, you can view and print scanned images of the front and back of all checks you have written. It is easy and convenient. 6. Apply for a loan or credit card. Having an account online, you can employ for a credit card or a loan (a car loan, a student loan, a mortgage, a home equity loan, etc. ) from the analogous bank. If you have a good credit score and long relationship history with your bank, your application is likely to be approved. 7. Purchase and manage CD accounts.If you have some amount of money you want to invest, you can purchase a certificate of deposit fro m your bank. Online banking lets you compare all available offers and their terms, for example APY or matureness periods. When you confirm the purchase, the funds will be automatically deducted from your account. 8. Order travelers checks. You can order American Express Travelers Cheques online. The bank will typically charge your online account for the amount of the cheques you bought and an express delivery fee. 9. Increase your overdraft. Going into the red shouldnt leave you red-facedYou can increase your overdraft online. Log in to online banking and click on Overdraft in the menu. 10. Order a cheque hold up. Save yourself at least one trip to the bank by ordering cheque book online. You will need to visit your bank once when you get a confirmation message that your cheque book is ready for collection. 11. View up-to-the-minute account statements and balance. There is no need to wait for the bank statement to arrive in the snail post to check account balances. You can view all transactions and withdrawals every day just by logging in to your online account.In addition, you can immediately notice errors or unauthorized transactions in the statement. 12. View automatically updated spending report. All your purchases are sorted into familiar categories automatically no receipts to save, no expenses to enter. It is easy to see where your money goes 13. Track your payment history. Online banking gives you an opportunity to search your payments by transaction type, date, description or amount. When did you last pay Company X? When did you buy your computer? To whom did you make your most recent payment? Your bank knows the answers. 14.Integrate the data with personal finance programs. Online banking lets you import electronic payment data in personal finance software such as Quicken or Microsoft Money. You will be able to access your online accounts directly from your personal finance program. An Internet connection and online account log in information is re quired. 15. Change jobber details. Have you moved to a new house? Changed your telephone number? You can log in to your online account and change contact information (e-mail address, telephone number, password, etc. ). It is more secure than to send this information by e-mail. 16.Utilize investment research. You can receive real-time quotes, analytics, news and stock market place information to make a more educated decision. 17. Take advantage of online brokerage. Internet banking lets you invest online. You can place and confirm trades 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Most banks provide a wide range of money market instruments from various issuers. 18. Get alerts. This service allows you to receive timely e-mail messages from your bank about any critical changes related to your Internet accounts. For example, you can get alerts when you make a withdrawal or change your contact information. 9. substantiate terms and conditions. Did you forget your interest rates or payment due date? You can verify all information about your account online. 20. prattle with your customer assistant department. If you need help, you can send message to your banks customer assistant department. They will help you solve your problem. 6. SWOT compendium OF ONLINE BANKING SERVICE IN BANGLADESH SWOT Analysis To find out the viability of a particular product we essential perform a SWOT Analysis of the product. This will analyze the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities ,and Threats of the particular product.For analyzing the performance of Internet Banking in Bangladesh we the following SWOT Analysis is considered. Strengths Internet Banking is new in our market. Only a few banks are now fling internet services in solving banking problems. Most of the banks are offering only accounting information online. Actual fund transfer and fund disbursement is not possible in all the banks that are offering internet services. So this product will enjoy the benefit of a first mover. It i s cheap both for the banks and the customers. The bank will be able to lower down the overhead costs and make more profit out of it.Internet banking will require less manual workers. Again the customers will be able to save time as well as money for their transaction needs. Internet banking is convenient as the service is available all the time at just a click away. Weaknesses Security breakdown The system will have a problem with the identification of the individual who is initiating the transaction. In Bangladesh, the identification of an individual is not yet supported digitally. So thither will be a problem in moving to the Internet era for banking purposes just now.First we will have to develop a digital database of the users of the internet banking services. The transaction can be cancelled only via internet. The internet infrastructure of our country is not that much supportive to provide all time access to the web. So at that place will be a problem in executing the serv ice with its full functionality. Opportunities Non-branch banking is becoming popular in our country. Many banks are now offering non-branch banking facilities. A person can withdraw or deposit money in any branch of the bank he has account with. The internet services are becoming very common to us.So a service offered through the internet will be widely accepted in the near future. Threats battalion have concern about security and privacy. They like to feel their money with their hand. They actually dont believe in virtual money transfer. In the field of IT new technology is coming every day. The one which is very popular today might get obsolete tomorrow. So to have a competitive edge over the competitors the banks must always update their services. The movement towards online banking might marginalized the customers who do not have internet access or who are not technologically sound.Despite the presence of online Internet service in Bangladesh, its scope is largely under utilized. The reasons include high service charges, insufficiency of awareness, poor telecommunication systems, regime policy, low buying power of potential clients, and lack of institutional support. 7. CHALLENGES / RISKS OF ONLINE BANKING SERVICE IN BANGLADESH Generally it is believed that banks in Bangladesh are facing different problems adopting e-banking. Inefficiency and lack of becoming knowledge of the top wariness of the last generation about ebanking may have to be put at the first place.The top management set the way for future knowledge. For the change they must have understood its significance and prospect. Only so, proper strategic plan could be done, appropriate modification with changing national and international business and technological environment could be make, the coming challenges from the national and international. competition successfully faced, and the market share retained and gained. The lack of communication channel and technological and technic al infrastructure support may be seen as the second crucial challenges of e-banking in Bangladesh.It is not enough that there are enough communication channels, but they must be efficient, competitive, competent, cost effective and supportive to the services. In the millennium of ICT every nation has to think global, so worldwide efficient networking and WAP have to be ensured. Ensuring mature technology is also very important for successful introduction of the e-banking which includes adequate software. Modern technology is available but frequently very costly, but the countries like Bangladesh have other decisive comparative advantages that could be used to compensate the cost of the contemporary technology.In this way, the modern technology could be made economically viable, cost-effective and competitive even in the world market. Qualified human resource is another factor that has to be considered, which means experts have to be made available in the market. In the long run suc h services cant be made competitive with hired or imported human resources. So, respective educational institutes must be established for the supply of the experts for the management of the hard- and software of the sectors. It is expected that a part of the existing employees both from the rank and file may resist the change.To motivate and integrate them in the change, training and reorientation program must be launched. Security of the services is very important to popularize it. To protect the service from piracy and fraudulency reliable security systems must be ensured. In this regard, government, banks, and Bangladesh Bank must work together. So and so, ways and means must be found to protect fraud and money laundering but at the same time ensuring fund transferring. 8. RECOMMENDATION / SUGGESTIONS OF ONLINE BANKING SERVICE IN BANGLADESHMost of the countries have adopted E-banking and the consumers seem to like the convenience of E-banking despite some continuing hesitancy. Th e widespread uses of ATMs has paved the way for greater acceptance of other forms of electronic money such as smart cards and POS. Direct deposit, and to a lesser extent, electronic bill payment, are and to a lesser extent gaining popularity. In addition, as more people purchase personal computer and use the internet, home banking should become more widely accepted. But a cashless or check less financial system is still not in the state of foreseeable future.Though there are 28 banks in Bangladesh, mostly head quartered in Dhaka. Most of these banks do not offer online or electronic service such as Direct Deposit. There are some ATM machines, though not nearly as concentrated as in a developed economy. The Ministry of Science, Information and Communication Technology has given out the policy for the increase in the IT sector. The ministry has concentrated on the following sections Human Resources Development through Education and Training ICT Infrastructure development Research and Development in ICT Development of ICT Industry Development of E-Commerce E-Government / E-Governance establishment Establishment of Legal Issues. The Government spending in ICT is going to increase by at least 2% of ADPin coming years. The ICT companies will get preferential terms which will be able to meet up 20% of its tax revenue expenditure. BCC has created a centralized fund for R&D which would encourage contributing 1% of all profits from ICT-enabled services to the HRD fund. This will greatly help the development if ICT in Bangladesh. The software support for internet banking, i. e. FLEXCUBE is available in Bangladesh.Again Bangladesh Government is working on the copyright law and the preservation of intellectual property act. later on the successful implementation of all these policies and strategies we are expecting that more than 50% of the banks will be offering internet banking facilities that is now 12% only. E-banking is in its nascent state in Bangladesh. At present, Information Technology (IT) is a subject of widespread interest in Bangladesh. The government has declared IT as a thrust sector and set up a vision of Digital Bangladesh in 2021. But Bangladesh has a long way to go in a very unforesightful time to enjoy the fruits of information age.It will be only possible when there will be political commitment with better IT infrastructure, internal network, country domain and above all ahigh speed fiber optic link to the information superhighway. In order to ensure a successful practice of e-banking in Bangladesh, we recommend the following. * E-banking systems should be simple to use, fast and user friendly. * E-banking services should be standardized so that wherever the solution is used the customer is familiar with the purpose followed. * Government should compel the banking sectors to automate their operation and going online by a specific period. Provide adequate training and technological support to develop the manpower. * cu rb legal framework. * Proper infrastructure development. * Government should implement the cyber laws to ensure proper security about customers information (i. e. Credit card number) . * Government should establish proper educational institution to create efficient IT professionals to support e-banking in Bangladesh. * Developing of integrated e-banking software. Government, in collaboration with the banks, should educate and inform its citizens and customers on the workability and effectiveness of E-banking.This will increase the confidence level of customers. * The clearing house operation in Bangladesh should be fully automated system. * Banks should have adequate research and technological play down in this regard. * Bank can charge normal profit to enlarge the market size on the electronic banking products. * Political commitment to improve constitution and institutional strength is essential for successful application of e-banking. * As e-bank users mostly use ATMs and POS i n most cases, the banks should emphasize on providing uninterruptible service.

Identify the Industries

1. Retail grocery stores -Specialty retailer labor 2. Commercial banking -Commercial banks effort 3. Pharmaceutical preparations -Pharmaceuticals fabrication 4. Commercial flight path -Aerospace and defense manufacture 5. Computer software -Network & other comm. Equip. Industry 6. IT service provider -Internet services and retailing Industry 7. Liquor producer and distributor -Beverages Industry 8.Integrated oil and gas -Mining and oil production Industry 9. Mobile phone service provider -Telecommunications Industry 10. Semiconductor manufacturer -Motor vehicles and parts Industry The military operation to find the answers (Just compare the data of the exhibit 4 in the ITI with the data on page 12 of the An overview of financial statement analysis the mechanics) ?Industry 1 has the lowest issuing on Sales, thus is Retail grocery stores. ?Industry 2 has the lowest Asset turnover rate, so it is Commercial bank. Industry 5 has the highest ROA, which Network & other comm. Equip us ually has, thus it is Computer software. ?Industry 8 has the highest Return on Sales, so it is the Industry of Oil production. ?Industry 9s Return on Sales, Return on Assets, Return on Equity, Asset turnover, and Leverage are all the same as the Telecommunications short letters data, thus it is Mobile phone service provider. ?Industry 10 has negative Return on Sales, Return on Assets, hence it is semiconductor manufacturer.Weve figure out the industries of 1,2,5,8,9,and 10 already. The 3,4,6,and 7 are left. ?Compare the data of the industries 3,4,6 and 7. We found that the Asset turnover of industry 4 is extremely high, thus it is the commercial airline. ?The ancestry in industry 6 is the lowest among industry 3,6,and 7. So it is the IT service provider. ?Compare the Industry 3 and 7, 7s Return on Assets, Return on Equity are lower, Leverage is higher. So Industry 7 is Liquor producer, and Industry 3 is Pharmaceutical Industry.

Heart of Darkness – Decay Within a Society

The environments surrounding has a huge set on the culture of the greater number of inhabitants. The innate scenery, which is holds an abundant amount of natural mental imagerys, is in a state of transition and the way the landscape is treated, directly relates to greed, narcism indoors the society, violence in a loftyly numbers populated area, particularly from essential countries. In Joseph Conrads book gist of Darkness , Conrad represents the radioactive fall apart of the natal scenery as a metaphor to the decay within developed countries, specifically in England.This decay is a direct result of the actions taken by the society within this indigenous scenery. Within the book shopping mall of Darkness greed is a immense description toward the English and the scenery that they inhabit. The English show a excessive raiding desire for wealth and possessions . There greed and rapacious desire for health and possessions take them to the heart of the congo, where elephants a re slaughtered for there tusks that are ivory. The ivory is considered a high commodity in England.The ivory symbolizes greed and destructive nature of man and agents of the company are so opposed with obtaining ivory that they forget there morals , so called civilized ways. This representations of the greed over the ivory on the landscape can be seen in this quote found in the book Heart of Darkness to tear treasure out of the bowls of the landscape was there desire (Conrad 110). The desire or greed over the land, and all the wealth, and possessions found in it, the effects that it brings upon the landscape can be proven from this statement found in the bible The greedy bring ruin to there households (Psalms 103, NIV).This decay in this indigenous scenery resulted though greed is a direct reason why its decaying The decay of the indigenous scenery within the book Heart of Darkness is a result of violence shown through developed countries specifically England in the book. The vio lence and cruelty depicted in Heart of Darkness escalate from acts of inhumanity committed against the natives of the Congo to unspeakable and undescribed horrors.Kurtz who is representing European imperialists has systematically engaged in human plunder. The natives are seen chained by iron collars abut their necks, starved, beaten, subsisting on rotten hippo meat, forced into soul crushing and meaningless labor, and finally ruthlessly murdered. Beyond this, it is implied that Kurtz has had human sacrifices performed for him, and the reader is presented with the sight of a row of divide human heads impaled on posts leading to Kurtzs cabin.Conrad suggests that violence result when law is absent and man allows himself to be ruled by whatever brutal passions lie within him. Under such circumstances, anything is possible, and what Conrad sees emerging from the situation is the profound violence that lies at the heart of the human soul and results in the decay of the indigenous scener y It was unless robbery with violence, aggravated murder on a great scale, and men going at it blindas is very proper for those who tackle a darkness(Conrad 5).This limitless violence that Krutz has witnessed forced upon the indigenous scenery within the society of the natives is a direct of the decay within the indigenous scenery of developed countries. Throughout the book Heart of Darkness narcism has a major effect on the indigenous scenery. The English have a narcissistic positioning in the Heart of Darkness. A narcissistic attitude is a person who is to a fault self-involved, and often vain and selfish. This narcissistic attitude has a prominent effect on the indigenous scenery.While the English have become so utterly confident in there civilizations powers. In the book Heart of Darkness, the English immortalize the Congo thinking that they are civilized, because of there overly self involved, and vain and selfishness, they travel into the Congo taking ever considerable val uable natural resource such and destroying the indigenous scenery. In Congo, however, obsessed with ivory that renders him money, status, and power, the original, Kurtz transforms into a mercenary, evil madman, who takes a high seat amongst the devils of the land.Krutz narcissistic attitude being overly self involved, and vain and selfishness takes a immense amount of ivory, killing large amounts of elephants, and killing all the people that got in his way They would have been even more(prenominal) impressive, those heads on the stakes, if their faces had not been turned to the house(Conrad 40) showing that a narcissistic attitude is a direct result of why the indigenous scenery is decayed.This decay is a direct result of the actions taken by the society within this indigenous scenery. The indigenous scenery, which is a direct result of the natural resources before us on the earth , that is in a state of transition and the way the landscape is treated, directly relates to greed and over exceeding numbers of human beings, particularly from developed countries. Conrad represents the decay of the indigenous scenery as a absolute metaphor to the decay within developed countries, specifically in England.These actions such as greed, violence, and narcissism taken by the developed countries causes the indigenous scenery to decay. Heart of Darkness Result of decay on society Work Cited Heart of Darkness. SparkNotes. Ed. Joesph Conrad. SparkNotes, 1 Jan. 2012. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. . Conrad, Joesph. Heart of Darkness. By Joseph Conrad. Search EText, Read Online, Study, Discuss. N. p. , July-Aug. 2012. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. . Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. New York Knopf, 1993. Print.

Land use in Covent Garden

Aims* Land use in Covent garden is characterised by commercial retail and office functions. We will be looking at how buildings are utilise vertically what functions are present on each floor of every building. This will help us distinguish fact from fiction about shoot use in Covent Garden* It is possible to identify distinct vertical land use zones in Covent Garden. How easy is it to tell how levels are being utilise in Covent Garden?* The CBD suffers high levels of traffic congestion. This can be investigated by doing a traffic written report. We will monitor traffic on different streets for 10 minutes each and the record the information and compare it to other streets.* The CBD is the most accessible part of the city. This is shown by high pedestrian densities. Like the traffic survey people counts will help us judge how densely populated Covent Garden really is with pedestrians.Background / History of Covent GardenIn the 1630s land at one time owned by Westminster Abbey wa s redeveloped by the 4th Earl of Bedford. He commissioned Architect Inigo Jones to design a piazza (a square). The piazza was designed with arcaded houses to the north and east (These are now all gone). This piazza was a public one. But this approach lead to its social downfall. The distinguished people who occupied the houses around the square presently began to get agitated by the lack of privacy. This set off the tr destroy of people leaving Covent Garden. The Covent Garden began in a very small fashion in 1649 but expanded quite a lot when the Great Fire of capital of the United Kingdom in 1666 destroyed other markets in the City. In the 1760s, the market occupied much of the piazza. The market, the nearby theatres in Drury Lane and Bow Street and the many public houses, Covent Garden acquired an extremely dubious reputation, though it was still pop. soon the market began to dominate the piazza. The main building in the piazza which is seen today was erected in 1830 by Charl es Fowler, but at the time did not then chip in a glass roof that came in the 1870s. The first part of the Flower Market was put up in 1872 it is now used by the London Transport Museum and the National Theatre Museum. By this time Covent Garden market had become the principal fruit & veg market of the country. Even before World contend II, it was becoming evident that the market had to plump from this very congested area of London. A long time after the war, a decision was make to move the market to Nine Elms. It was relocated there in 1973, leaving empty market buildings and many vacant premises. It is called the New Covent Garden Market but many people want the name to be changed to Nine Elms Market.One of the proposed redevelopment plans was to knock it all down and build a brand new seat of government of through high ways, hotels and conference centres. There was a major barrier in this though, the residents of Covent Garden and the general public. Instead the market was transformed into a very popular shopping centre.Covent Garden has been associated with theatres for a very long time, the longest established being The Theatre Royal on Drury Lane. Covent Garden wasnt always just a market and theatrical home, it was at one time thriving with coachmakers (especially in Long Acre), there have been lots of famous publishers and printers, notably Odhams Press. Sainsburys began in Drury Lane. Moss Bros. began on the site of Tesco in Bedford Street, Moss Bros. are still located in Covent Garden. Samuel French, (Theatrical publishers) began in Wellington Street. Sothebys, the auctioneers began in the same road. Also Covent Garden was the birthplace of Punch & Judy.Covent Garden has Protected Lands which are the Central Market, 25-31 James Street, 7, 9, 10 Floral Street, Bedford Chambers and Cubitts Yard and the Museum Blocks.The market itself has a very interesting history, it started life as a small market trying to balance out the lack of markets after t he Great Fire but became the busiest fruit, vegetable and flower market of possibly the satisfying nation. Every morning at 4am market workers and retailers arrived to buy and sell their stocks in bulk. This continued for a long time and in the end the decision was made to move the market to Nine Elms to ease the pressure on the area put forward by the early morning congestion. Space was also stiff running out is Covent Garden as it was continuously getting more and more popular with retailers and tourists alike.Background to Urban GeographyLand use in a city varies from place to place, in one part of the city land use could strictly be for housing and in another it could purely be for offices and commercial use. Many geographers make models and concentric diagrams one of the most widely used is Burgess flummox. Burgess Model has five zonesI. CBD Central Business DistrictII. geographical zone of TransitionIII. Low Class ResidentialIV. Medium Class ResidentialV. High Class Resi dentialAnother land use model is the Hoyt Model which shows how cities are laid out. Hoyts model also has five zones with the same names but is set out differentlyThere are other ways of showing how land is used in a city one being transect maps, these are diagrams showing land usage across from one end of the city to the other, with the CBD in the middle.Land values also mean a lot and these are shown with Bid-Rent curves

What Difference Did the Renaissance Make to Medicine

What difference did the Renaissance get in to medicine? The discoveries of the Renaissance didnt make out a monumental difference to medicine for many reasons. The important reasons for this are that the discoveries made were primarily approximately anatomy and physiology, not or so cures and treatments, and that even though plurality had proven Galen to be ill-treat about several things, they restrained wouldnt let the four humours surmisal go. This meant that when King Charles II became ill even the best physicians in the country couldnt save him which proficient shows that medicine didnt advance very much from the renaissance.The main reason that the renaissance didnt make a significant difference to medicine was that the discoveries made were primarily about anatomy, not about treatments and cures. For example, Vesalius dissected bodies and produced a book including pictures of the body drawn by renaissance artists. By doing these dissections and producing his book, he realised that Galen was wrong about several things. He proved that we only have one jaw bone, not devil as Galen said, he corrected the scale of our skeleton and he proved that there were no holes in the centre of the heart and therefore Galens theory about the heart was wrong.Although Vesalius did all this, he had so far only improved the anatomical knowledge he hadnt discovered any cures/treatments or anything about our physiology, effective that Galen was wrong with his ideas about the heart. William Harvey also did a bit of dissection to prove his theory. He focused on the distribution of blood nearly the body. He discovered that blood flows only one way around the body, and that blood is reused and not constantly produced by the liver as Galen had suggested.He used many complex diagrams which, when unite with the invention of the printing press, became quickly distributed throughout the world in the form of a book empower An anatomical account of the motion of the heart a nd blood in animals. Although this was an important discovery, it is still just about anatomy and physiology. Harvey didnt come up with any new treatments or cures during the Renaissance. As well as this, because they didnt have very good technology at the time, Harvey had no way of proving that we have capillaries and so some people still didnt believe what he said.Even though both Vesalius and Harvey had proven Galen to be wrong several times, the people still believed in the four humours theory which was really the underlying business and the reason that renaissance didnt make a significant difference, and why medicine didnt spud during the renaissance. Its easy to see that medicine hadnt advanced very much and that the renaissance hadnt made a significant difference when you look at how they handle the plague and King Charles IIs illness.When the plague returned in 1665, they still had no idea that it was carried by fleas. They also still had no real treatments that worked aga inst the plague. All they knew was that it was contagious. Although this was an improvement on their knowledge from the last plague in 1348, it was still not a significant advancement to medicine. Another example that the renaissance hadnt really made a difference was when King Charles II fell ill. It is cerebration, from the symptoms of the King, that he had suffered a stroke.The best doctors and physicians in the country act to save him with treatments of Bezoars stones, blister agents over his head as well as bloodletting, purging and vomiting base on the four humours theory. The king died within 4days after being treated by these doctors. Its thought that it probably would have been better if they had simply left the King alone because it seems that he suffered a stroke. This shows just how bad medicine still was and just how little difference the renaissance had made to medicine as the best doctors in the country couldnt save their King.In Conclusion, the discoveries of the Renaissance didnt make a significant difference to medicine for many reasons. The main reasons for this are that the discoveries made were primarily about anatomy and physiology, not about cures and treatments, and that even though people had proven Galen to be wrong about several things, they still wouldnt let the four humours theory go. This meant that when King Charles II became ill even the best physicians in the country couldnt save him which just shows that medicine didnt advance very much from the renaissance.

Early to Bed

Early to Bed April 17th 2013 atom 1 Its not unusual you discharge hear the floorboards creak, the toilet flush, and the sound of the first nonp areil shoe drop to the floor from your neighbor at 1 a. m. in your apartment, and you may be ace of them. Nowadays many people stay up modern, especially for those people who have variable calmness schedules, such as university students. University students unremarkably change their residuum schedules due to studying, on the job(p) for a living, or working for neighborly networking (e. g. alcohol and caffeine consumption). Staying up late usually leads to in capable sleep, and this situation is prevalent among university students. fit in to a survey done by Leon C. Lack Ph. D. in the journal Delayed tranquillizeness and rest period Loss in University Students, A sample of 211 university first-year psychology students accounted for about 50% of the total enrollment in the course about 50% of the sample complained of insufficient sleep and estimated needing about half an mo more than sleep on the average to feel rested. (Lakc, 2010) Moreover, the author also realized the linkage among staying up late and the insufficient sleep, Delayed sleep pattern presumably arises from a delay in their endogenous biological rhythms that creates difficulty in tumbleing asleep early(a) rich to get sufficient sleep before necessary weekday morning awakening. (Lakc, 2010) Both hold up sleep and insufficient sleep keep cause serious healthy issues, and also affect ones working productivity. Based on the daybook named Pathways to adolescent health sleep regulation and behavior by Ronald E Dahl, M. D. There is climbing evidence that sleep deprivation has its greatest negative effects on the control of behavior, emotion, and attention the almost obvious direct health consequences of insufficient sleep are high-risk behaviors associated with substance abuse and locomote accidents. (Dahl, 2002) Delayed sleep may ha rass ones circadian rhythm, and still lead to delayed sleep phase dis ramble. Insufficient sleep may cause emotional fluctuation, which further affect your social networking relationships since being tired usually means being grumpy. Students usually think that they are more deep at night, owever the truth is opposite. Humans arent used to saying up late, in the optimal situation, base on an article from CNN Health, we rise in the morning and after about 16 hours of wakefulness we are sleepy and we go to bed and sleep for eight hours (Shives, 2010) Staying up simply means we use our brains so intensively so far when our brains are ready for a rest. During the weekdays, delayed sleep and insufficient sleep accomplish us feel tired in the day prison term, and it is difficult for students to be concentrated in classes, then further affect students academic performances.The benefits of sleeping early are obvious. Going to bed early helps us aver the allege of circadian rhythm and ensures the quality of sleep at night. Based on Dahls journal, Sleep appears to be particularly important during periods of brain maturation. (Dahl, 2002) Sleeping is the process of restoring our brain, we would be more productive, concentrated, and convinced(p) in our work during daytime. Sleeping early means we can have more time in the morning. Changing and exercise sleep schedule is a continuous process. It is impossible to accomplish all the changes overnight.In instal to successfully switch sleep schedule to optimal situation, we should be aware the healthy issues derived from delayed sleep, happen upon a target behavior with a personal research, set achievable and incremental goals as time goes by, and finally reward your success. Section 2 As a junior-year university student at business school, two my academic and personal life have been busy, being productive is one of the major factors that let me survive. I often stayed up late to get work done since I thought sacr ificing sleep created more time for work, and then I could keep abreast of my schedule.However, things just went contrary to my wishes. First of all, staying up shorted my sleep time, which led to insufficient sleep time. Then I had to use coffee to fight for fatigue and tiredness, further my productivity still kept low during classes. In order to catch up what I left(a) during the classes, I had to spend more time to study outside. After I finished all my homework, it was usually around 1 a. m. , but the drag effect of caffeine kept me waking up at that time. My daily life was a vicious spiral and I found my body reactions slowed down physically and mentally, my motion was under the weather and even affected the relationship with my girlfriend. Therefore, the main reason Ive chosen to sleep early is increasing my productivity and getting rid of fatigue and tiredness without caffeine. In order to optimize my sleep schedule, I organized a three- coiffure target schedule The first stage (3/30 to 4/15), I went to bed at 1200 a. m. and woke up as usual the support stage (4/15 to 4/30), I went to bed at 1200 a. m. and woke up half an hour early as usual the third stage (After 4/30), I went to bed at 1100 p. m. and woke up one hour early.Half a month has passed, even though I am in the second stage, but I do have some progresses that benefit for my daily life. Setting a hardened time to go to bed forces me to manage my time more effectively. Most importantly, sleeping early cedes me more vim in daytime, and now I can keep my brain working without caffeine even I wake up half an hour early than before. My productivity is improving, and the biggest change is I can keep myself on the same page with professor in lectures simply because I have enough energy to think more and interact mentally.Nevertheless, things wont change overnight, and I do coming together some difficulties during my behavior changing. So far, the biggest challenge has been my fit out of stay ing up in my sub-consciousness. During weekdays, as long as my schedule gets crowded, I will have the intent to delay sleep time out of habit even those tasks are not urgent in spends, parties are attractive for me and most of them last until late night. Be honest, I did not meet my short-term goal three times so far. arrival my supreme goal is not easy, and I am implementing some strategies hopefully to keep myself on the skillful track.First of all, I believe separating my plan into three short-term stages makes my plan as a continuous good that is easier to accomplish and encourages me to proceed second, finding a change agent is important. My girlfriend is my change agent, and she has helped me to act with the criteria I set closely. One advantage of choosing my girlfriend as the agent is I have to listen to her order because I do not want to piss her off. Even though Ive not r distributivelyed my ultimate goal yet, some potential long-term benefits can be observed.First an d foremost, I will be more productive in my academic performance. Sleeping early provides my body an optimal circadian rhythm which gives me a high quality and sufficient sleep at night. Consequently, I will have abundant of energy to handle my busy university life. Moreover, sufficient energy will enable me to balance my academic life and personal life more reasonably, and then I will have a great passion to maintain my private relationship with my girlfriend and my social networking.Last but not least, sufficient sleep will give me a healthy life that will be the upmost foundation for my body health in my future life. Section 3 By reviewing my journal entries for the past half a month, in sum, I did follow my stage short-term target in weekdays. Meeting the short-term target in each stage is easier in weekdays because my class schedule is relatively fixed. Nevertheless, meeting the target in weekends has been the difficult part. As I mentioned in the last section, attending partie s held in weekends last late made me out of my mean track.Moreover, since I was used to stay up late for a long time, sometimes I still consider staying up is a way to relax myself. As for the change of emotional process, at the really beginning, I even felt anxious when I went to bed without completing my tasks as usual, and this emotion hindered me to fall asleep. Fortunately, as I reorganized my tasks priority corresponding to my early to bed plan, and that anxious emotion has no longer been a problem. Below is a snapshot of my tracking chart.Cells with yellow filling indicate weekend days, and times in red font indicate failing fulfillments. Works Cited Lakc, L. C. (2010). Delayed Sleep and Sleep Loss in University Students. Journal of American College Health , 105. Dahl, R. E. (2002). Pathways to adolescent health sleep regulation and behavior. Journal of Adolescent Hleath , 10-11. Shives, L. (2010, 11 30). Get Some Sleep Are you a night owl? Heres why. Retrieved 4 17, 2013, from CNN Health http//thechart. blogs. cnn. com/2010/11/30/get-some-sleep-night-owl-its-a-real-condition/

Initiation Planning Executing Monitor & Control Closing Essay

ProXalt learner RecallSheetO Project direction Process Groups Initiation Planning Executing Monitor & Control Closing found on the Feasibility Study conducted and using Project Selection Methods, the project selection committee selects a project. The client Develops Project Charter, Preliminary Scope Statement and the sponsor approves the project charter Based on Project Charter and Preliminary Scope statement, the project team conducts all planning activities and Develops the Project Management Plan Project team involves in Planning andDefining the Scope of the project and Creates WBS utilize WBS items, the team Defines project Activities, places them in a Sequence, Estimates Duration and Resources needed and develops a Project history Estimate Cost and allocate that Cost to work packages (Cost Budgeting) Plan Quality standards for the project Create tender Resource Plan Come up with Communications Management Plan Create a stake Management Plan and Identify all Risks.Analyze them Qualitatively, Quantitatively and come up with Risk retort Plan Plan on how to Acquire goods nd services from outside the organization and Plan on Contracting Direct and Manage Project Execution to ensure that all the planned packages have been punish Perform Quality Assurance to assure that the project team followed quality standards Acquire Project police squad members from functional managers

Effective Approaches in Leadership and Management Essay

The breast feeding shortage and high upset rate in go for impacts the economic life of every health c ar disposal in America. The purpose of this paper is to define and discuss the addresses in leadership and charge styles in relation to the treat shortage and treasure swage using theories, principles, skills, and roles of the leader versus manager and to severalize this students sea captain philosophy of nursing and personal leadership style.INTRODUCTIONThe Affordable allot Act has changed the landscape of health heraldic bearing delivery in America. Many more patients are seek health care. Mary Force concludes one of the most serious wall sockets facing healthcare delivery is the nursing shortage. It is estimated the current shortage of registered nurses will be 340,000 by the year 2020 (Force, 2005). There is inadequate nursing bequeath to meet the heavy demands of the current patient climate seen in acute care hospitals today. Hospitals need dependable, extrem ely trained nurses. nurse turnover and shortages mean current nurses seek various employment, resign, transfer or are terminated.Causes of turnover and shortages are an aging RN population and a demographically large aging boomer population, petty(a) enrollments in nursing schools, increased workload, poor nurse staveing ratios and high patient acuity according to Ribelin (2003). curbs do not leave hospitals they leave their managers (Ribelin, 2003). Lack of good leadership by nurse leaders and managers, limited upward mobility, unsatisfactory remuneration, lack of teamwork, poor communication, and inflexibility in work schedule all too contributing factors to high staff turnover.COMPARE AND CONTRAST LEADERS APPROACHIt is important to understand the different role the nurse manager and nurseleader play in order to understand their approach to the staff they have responsible for, especially in the area of staff retention. The roles are different to that extent there is interfa ce between both. The nurse managers role is defined by the organization that gives her or him authority (control) and has subordinates (nurse leader) to delegate tasks to so that the goals of the organization are met. They value stability and focus on short-term results. Their objectives are to complete tasks, perform time management, control productivity, and maintain necessary equipment. They plan, budget, organize, coordinate, solve problems and fare decisions. They focus on the organizations policy and procedures, systems, efficiency, and doing the work in their assigned area per organisational boundaries. It is little wonder that staff sometimes see themselves as little more than a minute in the eyes of some nurse mangers. The nurse manager screw address the problem of turnover by being visible and present in the unit and be seen by their staff frequently.They can assist with flexible scheduling and adequate staff-patient ratios. They can in like manner be champions for ade quate reimbursement, benefit plans, and the synchronization of resources that enhance the nursing experience. When coupled with organizational reimbursement for advanced education such as completion of baccalaureate and master degrees, nursing satisfaction is higher and managers are better able to retain their staff. Hunt suggests business organization sharing as a possibility also (Hunt, 2009). They can also recognize staff for their work and give tokens of appreciation. Unfortunately nurse managers have little control over the nursing shortage. The U.S. federal presidential term must allocate more educational funds to support nursing programs. There must be more programs for sale so teachers can be trained and additional seats made available to students at universities and community colleges. The nurse leaders role and activity with the staff is an important inter- concourse communication in assisting the organization reach its goals.They earn the right to lead by influenci ng people by dint of communication, consensus, explaining vision, listening, teaching, stimulate, motivating, creating, structure trust relationships, and empowerment. Effective nurse leadership is about teamwork, listening, mentoring, coaching, and persuasion. Nurse leaders assist staff with the high-risk picture, the vision. Nurse leaders look for new ways to solve problems by being flexible and adaptive. They are excellent at communication and being involved with their staff. Theyencourage participation by the nursing staff in clinical ladders for career advancement. Their followers value them. They are a positive force through their communication, sense of purpose, and thus assist in staff retention and turnover. Effective leadership is an essential helping in staff retention (Kleinman, 2004).PESONNAL LEADERSHIP STYLEThe writers own personal and captain philosophy blends well with the role of nurse leader. She has the qualities to be a manager but her personal and professi onal style revolves around teaching, communicating creating vision and team building. To be positive and inspiring is part of this nurses innate character. This nurse has the capacity to be a transformational nurse leader, leading by example, inspiring others of the organizations vision, and to encourage others to further their education. This writer identifies and promotes shared responsibility for actions and a democratic process in which nurses reach effectively with management. This nurse leader empowers everyone to work as a team and accomplish goals. The collective group then takes ownership if they feel they are heard and valued. They catch the vision.The organizations vision becomes their vision. advantage comes from people working together understanding that together they can all do great things. The issue of turnover and retention can be addressed by increased satisfaction in the nursing career. This often comes by nurse leaders like myself knowing the strengths and weak nesses of the staff, treating the staff as individuals with great potential drop to contribute to the team, listening, persuading, encouraging, being sensitive to the workload of the staff, showing empathy for the staff and involving nurses in the decision making process. This also involves nurse leaders communicating clearly with the nurse manager, linking the team together to achieve goals.CONCLUSIONNursing shortages and turnover are ongoing issues. All levels of Leadership must collaborate to address the ongoing issues of nursing shortages and turnover. Good leadership by nurse managers and nurse leaders can reduce the nurse turnover rate but the nursing shortage that is plaguing the health care system is hindering the ability of nurses to provide adequate care of their patients. It is a policy matter to be addressed by the highest levelsof government. Nurse managers and nurse leaders have differing roles and methods of obtaining objectives but both are needed to successfully me et the goals of the health care organization.ReferencesForce M. V. 2005. Relationship Between Effective Nurse managers and Nursing retention. Force, M. V. (2005). The Relationship Between Effective Nurse managers and Nursing retention. , 35(718), 336-341. D Hunt, S. (2009) Nursing Turnover Costs, Causes, & Solutions. Retrieved on October 6, 2013 from http//uexcel.com/resources/articles/NursingTurnover.pdf Kleinman, C. (2004). Leadership A key strategy in staff nurse retention. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 35(3), 128-132. Retrieved from http//tools.hhr-rhs.ca/index.php?option=com_mtree&task=att_download&link_id=5677&cf_id=68&lang=en Ribelin, P. (2003). Recruitment & retention report Retention reflects leadership style. Nursing Management, 34(8), Retrieved from http//www.nursingcenter.com/lnc/journalarticle?Article_ID=418488